Felt said, "To not take action against these people and know of a bombing in advance would simply be to stick your fingers in your ears and protect your eardrums when the explosion went off and then start the investigation. [117], Felt and Miller attempted to plea bargain with the government, willing to agree to a misdemeanor guilty plea to conducting searches without warrants—a violation of 18 U.S.C. Edited reprint of internal Weatherman document from 1969, printed by Clayton Van Lydegraf, a founder of Prairie Fire Organizing Committee, a support group for the Weather Underground. (1984). [108], Matthew Steen appeared on the lead segment of CBS's 60 Minutes in 1976 and was interviewed by Mike Wallace about the ease of creating fake identification, the first ex-Weatherman interview on national television. [26] The collective's first target was Judge John Murtagh, who was overseeing the trial of the "Panther 21". The Weather Underground: Report of the Subcommittee to Investigate the Administration of the Internal Security Act and Other Internal Security Laws of the Committee on the Judiciary, United States Senate, Ninety-fourth Congress, First Session: Authors: United States. Some attacks were preceded by evacuation warnings, along with threats identifying the particular matter that the attack was intended to protest. Charles Manson was an obsession with the group and Bernardine Dohrn claimed he truly understood the iniquity of white America, with the Manson family being praised for the murder of Sharon Tate; Dorn's cell subsequently made its salute a four-fingered gesture that represented the "fork" used to stab Tate. To me, it was a question of what had to be done to stop the much greater violence that was going on. San Francisco, CA. Sold by Bice and ships from Amazon Fulfillment. [63] Weather aimed to develop roots within the class struggle, targeting white working-class youths. [73][74] The city rebuilt the statue once again, and Mayor Richard J. Daley posted a 24-hour police guard to protect it,[73] but the Weathermen destroyed the third one, as well. Bernardine Dohrn, Bill Ayers. In this first comprehensive comparison of left-wing violence in the United States and West Germany, Jeremy Varon focuses on America's Weather Underground and Germany's Red Army Faction to consider how and why young, middle-class radicals in prosperous democratic societies turned to armed struggle in efforts to overthrow their states. Committee on the Judiciary, United States. 2357 (1972)], reversing, "New York Times.com/archives/1972/"Barnard Coed Subpoenaed to Seattle". Aide Sees 'Scapegoat' Role". By the end of April, the FBI offices were to terminate all files dealing with leftist groups. Alpert, Jane (1981). Hoping to cause sufficient chaos to "wake" the American public out of what they saw as complacency toward the role of the U.S. in the Vietnam War, the Weathermen meant it to be the largest protest of the decade. It was originally called the Weathermen. Jeremy Varon argues that by 1977 the WUO had disbanded. House. We were very careful from the moment of the townhouse on to be sure we weren't going to hurt anybody, and we never did hurt anybody. (some color), very good condition. About the Book. The North Vietnamese requested armed political action in order to stop the U.S. government's war in Vietnam. The files detailed the targeting of civil rights leaders, labor rights organizations, and left wing groups in general, and included documentation of acts of intimidation and disinformation by the FBI, and attempts to erode public support for those popular movements. The group decided to reevaluate their strategy, particularly regarding their initial belief in the acceptability of human casualties, and rejected such tactics as kidnapping and assassinations. While the initial phase of the SDS involved campus organizing, phase two involved community organizing. Weather Underground s leadership, he lived underground for several years during the 1970s. Kids know the lines are drawn: revolution is touching all of our lives. "[51], At one point, the Weathermen adopted the belief that all white babies were "tainted with the original sin of "skin privilege", declaring "all white babies are pigs" with one Weatherwoman telling feminist poet Robin Morgan "You have no right to that pig male baby" after she saw Morgan breastfeeding her son and told Morgan to put the baby in the garbage. [81], In the preceding hours, Molotov cocktails had been thrown at the second floor of Columbia University's International Law Library at 434 W. 116th Street and at a police car parked across the street from the Charles Street police station in the West Village in Manhattan, and at Army and Navy recruiting booths on Nostrand Avenue on the eastern fringe of the Brooklyn College campus in Brooklyn, causing no or minimal damage in incidents of unknown relation to that at Judge Murtagh's home. City Lights: 2001. p. 154. [49][50], Members of Weather further contended that efforts at "organizing whites against their own perceived oppression" were "attempts by whites to carve out even more privilege than they already derive from the imperialist nexus". [133] The documentary The Weather Underground described the Brink's robbery as the "unofficial end" of the Weather Underground. Federal Bureau of Investigation. [48] Weather's political theory sought to make every struggle an anti-imperialist, anti-racist struggle; out of this premise came their interrogation of critical concepts that would later be known as "white privilege". [80] This decision reflected the splintering of SDS into hostile rival factions. Congress. An illustration of two cells of a film strip. [25], The Flint War Council was a series of meetings of the Weather Underground Organization and associates in Flint, Michigan, that took place 27–31 December 1969. Weather Underground members Diana Oughton, Ted Gold, Terry Robbins, Cathy Wilkerson, and Kathy Boudin were making bombs in a Greenwich Village townhouse on March 6, 1970 when one of the bombs detonated. The younger members of the working class became the focus of the organizing effort because they felt the oppression strongly in regards to the military draft, low-wage jobs, and schooling. The meeting, dubbed the "War Council" by the 300 people who attended, adopted Jacobs' call for violent revolution. It had been signed by Karen Ashley, Bill Ayers, Bernardine Dohrn, John Jacobs, Jeff Jones, Gerry Long, Howie Machtinger, Jim Mellen, Terry Robbins, Mark Rudd, and Steve Tappis. Subcommittee to Investigate the Administration of the Internal Security Act and Other Internal Security Laws (1974). (Editorial), United States. : Weather Underground Organization. [38] This experience was cited by both Kathy Boudin and Bernardine Dohrn as a major influence on their political development. [113], After COINTELPRO was dissolved in 1971 by J. Edgar Hoover,[114] the FBI continued its counterintelligence on groups like the Weather Underground. Weather Underground provides local & long-range weather forecasts, weather reports, maps & tropical weather conditions for locations worldwide Critical of monogamy, they launched a "smash monogamy" campaign, in which couples (whose affection was deemed unacceptably possessive, counterrevolutionary or even selfish) were to be split apart; collectives underwent forced rotation of sex partners (including allegations that some male leaders rotated women between collectives in order to sleep with them) and in some cases engaged in sexual orgies. He predicted a successful revolution, and declared that youth were moving away from passivity and apathy and toward a new high-energy culture of "repersonalization" brought about by drugs, sex, and armed revolution. Seven Stories Press. The arrests were the results of the infiltration. The books in this list feature a selection of fiction and nonfiction titles that cover all things weather for readers on different levels. [128][129] This copy may not be in … [22p. Verso. [22][107] The name came from a quote by Mao Zedong, "a single spark can set a prairie fire." Cohn wrote it was the "final dirty trick" and that there had been no "personal motive" to their actions. The members of Weatherman targeted high school and college students, assuming they would be willing to rebel against the authoritative figures who had oppressed them, including cops, principals, and bosses. In 1970, the group issued a "Declaration of a State of War" against the United States government under the name "Weather Underground Organization". [59], Life in the collectives could be particularly hard for women, who made up about half the members. ... A political statement from the Weather Underground on the politics of revolutionary anti-imperialism, 1974. [69] The shift in the organization's outlook was in good part due to the 1970 death of Weatherman Terry Robbins, Diana Oughton and Ted Gold, all graduate students, in the Greenwich Village townhouse explosion. As part of the "National Action Staff", Jacobs was an integral part of the planning for what quickly came to be called "Four Days of Rage". Growing up underground (1st ed.). "[144][145] Grand juries were convened in 2001 and 2009 to investigate whether Weather Underground was responsible for the San Francisco Police Department Park Station bombing, in which one officer was killed, one was maimed, and eight more were wounded by shrapnel from a pipe bomb. ", International Movement And Research: Social Movements and Violence: Participation in Underground Organizations, Volume 4, (Greenwich: Jai Press, 1992. [81], According to the December 6, 1970 "New Morning—Changing Weather" Weather Underground communiqué signed by Bernardine Dohrn, and Cathy Wilkerson's 2007 memoir, the fire-bombing of Judge Murtagh's home, in solidarity with the Panther 21, was carried out by four members of the New York cell that was devastated two weeks later by the March 6, 1970 townhouse explosion.[82]. [22] Mark Rudd turned himself in to authorities on January 20, 1978. (New York City: W W Norton, 1979.) The survivors of the raid were all charged with assault and attempted murder. The most important task for us toward making the revolution, and the work our collectives should engage in, is the creation of a mass revolutionary movement, without which a clandestine revolutionary party will be impossible. They asserted that militancy was necessary in the pursuit of a socialist revolution that would produce gender, racial, and class equality. This contrasted to the Progressive Labor view which viewed students and workers as being in separate categories which could ally, but should not jointly organize. 2236—but the government rejected the offer in 1979. by Marsha Diane Arnold (PreK-1) Thunderstorms can be scary! In shaping a feminist vision for the WUO, the Weatherwomen dealt with sexism within their own organization and were dismissed by some feminist groups of the time as inauthentic. Widely known members of the Weather Underground include Kathy Boudin, Linda Sue Evans, Brian Flanagan, David Gilbert, Ted Gold, Naomi Jaffe, Jeff Jones, Joe Kelly, Diana Oughton, Eleanor Raskin, Terry Robbins, Mark Rudd, Matthew Steen, Susan Stern, Laura Whitehorn, Eric Mann, Cathy Wilkerson, and the married couple Bernardine Dohrn and Bill Ayers. Check out these awesome weather books published by Usborne Books & More / Kane Miller! [22] The blast broke nearly 100 windows and scattered pieces of the statue onto the Kennedy Expressway below. The Weather Underground set its sights on the revolutionary overthrow of the United States government. However, the sessions were also successful at purging potential informants from the Weathermen's ranks, making them crucial to the Weathermen's survival as an underground organization. Author of 'Days of Rage' speaks out on 'The Kelly File'. Congress. RYM promoted the philosophy that young workers possessed the potential to be a revolutionary force to overthrow capitalism, if not by themselves then by transmitting radical ideas to the working class. We’ve found the best books about weather for you and your little ones to read together, rain or shine! An extract from Love and Struggle: my life in SDS, the Weather Underground and Beyond. That Dylan line was also the title of a position paper distributed at an SDS convention in Chicago on June 18, 1969. Most former Weathermen have integrated into mainstream society without repudiating their violent activities. Arthur Eckstein— Weatherman—the Weather Underground Organization—was the most famous group of young people committed to revolutionary violence to emerge out of the late 1960s.In protest of American racism and the Vietnam War, they detonated more than two dozen dynamite bombs between 1970 and 1975, and hit some spectacular targets, including the Pentagon, the State … "[6] After the Greenwich Village explosion, in a review of the documentary film The Weather Underground (2002), a Guardian journalist restated the film's contention that no one was killed by WUO bombs.[85]. After eight postponements, the case against Felt and Miller went to trial in the United States District Court for the District of Columbia on September 18, 1980. "[34][35], The theoretical basis of the Revolutionary Youth Movement was an insight that most of the American population, including both students and the supposed "middle class," comprised, due to their relationship to the instruments of production, the working class,[36] thus the organizational basis of the SDS, which had begun in the elite colleges and had been extended to public institutions as the organization grew could be extended to youth as a whole including students, those serving in the military, and the unemployed. Does your child LOVE weather? The charges were later dropped, and the families of the dead won a $1.8 million settlement from the government. The explosion was preceded by a warning about six minutes prior to the detonation and was followed by a WUO claim of responsibility. Revolutionary violence is the only way. The number of young citizens set the stage for a widespread revolt against perceived structures of racism, sexism, and classism, the violence of the Vietnam War and America's interventions abroad. sec. Former Weather Underground member Mark Rudd admitted that the group intended to target people prior to the accidental town house explosion. [106] The leading members of the Weather Underground (Bill Ayers, Bernardine Dohrn, Jeff Jones, and Celia Sojourn) collaborated on ideas and published a manifesto: Prairie Fire: The Politics of Revolutionary Anti-Imperialism. Harold Jacobs ed., Weatherman, (Ramparts Press, 1970), 508-511. Committee on the Judiciary. [127], In November 1977, five WUO members were arrested on conspiracy to bomb the office of California State Senator John Briggs. [106]:76–77, By 1974, Weather had recognized this shortcoming and in Prairie Fire detailed a different strategy for the 1970s which demanded both mass and clandestine organizations. The origins of the Weathermen can be traced to the collapse and fragmentation of the Students for a Democratic Society following a split between office holders of SDS, or "National Office", and their supporters and the Progressive Labor Party (PLP). At its most intense, members would be berated for up to a dozen or more hours non-stop about their flaws. 6105, H.R. Subsequently, they accepted funding, training, recommendations on tactics and slogans from Cuba, and perhaps explosives as well. [9] Dohrn opened the conference by telling the delegates they needed to stop being afraid and begin the "armed struggle." [81] The judge's house had been under hourly police surveillance and an unidentified woman called the police a few minutes before the explosions to report several prowlers there, which resulted in a police car being sent immediately to the scene. [110] The Prairie Fire Collective faction started to surrender to the authorities from the late 1970s to the early 1980s. It was intended to make group members believe that they were, deep down, white supremacists by subjecting them to constant criticism to break them down. This Supreme Court decision would hamper any prosecution of the WUO cases. They were also responsible for the bombing of another police precinct in San Francisco, as well as bombing the Catholic Church funeral services of the police officer killed in the Park Precinct bombing in the early summer of 1970. In the U.S., the anti-war sentiment was particularly pronounced during the 1968 U.S. presidential election. The collectives set up under the Weather Bureau drew their design from Che Guevara's foco theory, which focused on the building of small, semi-autonomous cells guided by a central leadership. [55][56][57][58] This formation continued during 1969 and 1970 until the group went underground and a more relaxed lifestyle was adopted as the group blended into the counterculture. The lyrics had been quoted at the bottom of an influential essay in the SDS newspaper, New Left Notes. Ever since SDS became revolutionary, we've been trying to show how it is possible to overcome frustration and impotence that comes from trying to reform this system. It is in schools that the youth of the nation become alienated from the authentic processes of learning about the world. Despite the change in their legal status, the Weather Underground remained underground for a few more years. The belief was that these types of urban guerrilla actions would act as a catalyst for the coming revolution. After the summer of 1969 fragmentation of SDS, Weatherman's adherents explicitly claimed themselves the real leaders of SDS and retained control of the SDS National Office. [97], On March 1, 1971, members of the Weather Underground set off a bomb on the Senate side of the United States Capitol. [48] Weather denounced other political theories of the time as "objectively racist" if they did not side with the international proletariat; such political theories, they argued, needed to be "smashed". Most of the Weathermen and SDS leaders were now in jail, and the Weathermen would have to pay over $243,000 for their bail. The May 19 Communist Organization continued in hiding as the clandestine organization. 185-193. They were making the bombs in order to kill Army soldiers and non-commissioned officers (NCO) who would be attending an NCO dance at Fort Dix, and to randomly kill people in Butler Library at Columbia University. Arthur Eckstein's Bad Moon Rising is simply the best book ever written about the Weather Underground. [43][44] As the civil disorder in poor black neighborhoods intensified in the early 1970s, Bernardine Dohrn said, "White youth must choose sides now. The rioting lasted about half an hour, during which 28 policemen were injured. Page 249, Bernardine Dorn, Bill Ayers, and Jeff Jones, editors, Page 42 in the essay "More on the Youth Movement" by Jim Mellen in, Christensen, Mark. [83], The site of the Village explosion was the former residence of Charles Merrill, co-founder of the Merrill Lynch brokerage firm, and the childhood home of his son James Merrill. Video. Jones, A Radical Line: From the Labor Movement to the Weather Underground, One Family's Century of Conscience, 2004. )[120] Writing in The New York Times a week after the conviction, Roy Cohn claimed that Felt and Miller were being used as scapegoats by the Carter administration and that it was an unfair prosecution. We've known that our job is to lead white kids into armed revolution. The idea was to create an umbrella organization for all radical groups. [103][104][105][citation needed] The decisions in these cases led directly to the subsequent resignation of FBI Director, L. Patrick Gray, and the federal indictments of W. Mark Felt or "Deep Throat" and Edwin Miller and which, earlier, was the factor leading to the removal of federal "most-wanted" status against members of the Weather Underground leadership in 1973. The Weather Underground Organization (WUO), commonly known as the Weather Underground, was a radical left militant organization active in the late 1960s and 1970s, founded on the Ann Arbor campus of the University of Michigan. Ten of the thirteen already had outstanding federal warrants. Gelbard vs. United States, 408 U.S. 41, 92 S.Ct. Klonsky's document reflected the philosophy of the National Office and was eventually adopted as official SDS doctrine. [98], On May 19, 1972, Ho Chi Minh's birthday, the Weather Underground placed a bomb in the women's bathroom in the Air Force wing of the Pentagon. The New Encyclopædia Britannica: in 32 Volumes by Encyclopædia Britannica Inc. "Understanding Terrorism: Challenges, Perspectives, and Issues", "Byte Out of History: 1975 Terrorism Flashback: State Department Bombing", "S.F. FREE Shipping. These "criticism self-criticism" sessions (also called "CSC" or "Weatherfries") were the most distressing part of life in the collective. An Interracial Movement of the Poor: Community Organizing and the New Left in the 1960s. Due to the illegal tactics of FBI agents involved with the program, government attorneys requested all weapons- and bomb-related charges be dropped against the Weather Underground. Sing a Battle Song: The Revolutionary Poetry, Statements, and Communiqués of the Weather Underground, 1970-1974. [136] Weather members then wrote in response to her manifesto. [108] The Weather Underground faced accusations of abandonment of the revolution by reversing their original ideology. "[78] This decision was made in response to increased pressure from law enforcement,[79] and a belief that underground guerilla warfare was the best way to combat the U.S. (1976). Kathy was convicted in 1984 of felony murder for her participation in an armed robbery that resulted in … An illustration of an audio speaker. The latter document outlined the position of the group that would become the Weathermen. The city compromised and rebuilt the monument once more, but this time they located it at Chicago Police Headquarters. ), The federal government estimated that only 38 Weathermen had gone underground in 1970, though the estimates varied widely, according to a variety of official and unofficial sources, as between 50 and 600 members. "The goal of revolutionary struggle must be the control and use of this wealth in the interest of the oppressed peoples of the world." He is currently a bar-owner in New York City. Women's groups such as The Motor City Nine and Cell 16 took the lead in various recruitment efforts. Harold Jacobs ed., Weatherman, (Ramparts Press, 1970), 374. government. The robbery was violent, resulting in the deaths of three people including Waverly Brown, the first black police officer on the Nyack police force. Many protesters were wearing motorcycle or football helmets, but the police were well trained and armed. The book's coverage of the movement and the formation of the Weather Underground Organisation (WUO) out of the Weathermen faction of Students for a Democratic Society is good and seems well researched, but after the Weathermen's move underground the narrative becomes much weaker. The Weatherman national leadership agreed, as did the New York City collective. [16] For Jacobs, the goal of the "Days of Rage" was clear: Weatherman would shove the war down their dumb, fascist throats and show them, while we were at it, how much better we were than them, both tactically and strategically, as a people. Bringing the war home. [130], Within two years, many members turned themselves in after taking advantage of President Jimmy Carter's amnesty for draft dodgers. Boudin and Gilbert were also former Weather Underground members. Assertive, tough, and idealistic, the Weatherwomen--members of the Weather Underground Organization (WUO) from the late 1960s--were determined to stamp out sexism and social injustice. This book excavates their long buried history and reclaims … Richard G. Braungart and Margret M. Braungart, "From Protest to Terrorism: The Case of the SDS and The Weathermen. Weatherman contained the vast majority of former SDS National Committee members, including Mark Rudd, David Gilbert and Bernardine Dohrn. The WUO began to disintegrate after the United States reached a peace accord in Vietnam in 1973,[8][page needed] and it was defunct by 1977. On May 21, 1970, a communiqué from the Weather Underground was issued promising to attack a "symbol or institution of American injustice" within two weeks. The conference increased divisions within the Weather Underground. [61], In the year 1960, over a third of America's population was under 18 years of age. The resolution, titled "The Elections Don't Mean Shit—Vote Where the Power Is—Our Power Is In The Street" and adopted by the council, was prompted by the success of the Democratic National Convention protests in August 1968 and reflected Jacobs' strong advocacy of direct action.[17]. Retrieved from. Adapted with permission from Bad Moon Rising: How The Weather Underground Beat the FBI and Lost the Revolution, by Arthur M. Eckstein Varon compares the Weather Underground in the United States and the Red Army Faction in West Germany, as some who had come up in the New Left turned to revolutionary armed struggle through guerilla tactics, at a point of the New Left’s height but shortly before its decline. [22], On June 9, 1970, a bomb made with ten sticks of dynamite exploded in the 240 Centre Street, the headquarters of the New York City Police Department. : Inside the Agency, p. 194. "We will burn and loot and destroy. pgs. By using this title the Weathermen meant, partially, to appeal to the segment of U.S. youth inspired to action for social justice by Dylan's songs. Timely warnings were made and communiqués issued explaining the reason for the actions. The police killing of Panther Fred Hampton prompted the Weatherman to issue a declaration of war upon the United States government. Hundreds of above-ground activists helped further the new political vision of the Weather Underground. They asserted that militancy was necessary in the pursuit of a socialist revolution that would produce gender, racial, and class equality. David Gilbert is a former member of the Weather Underground … ISBN 0688006558. In April 1971, the "Citizens' Commission to Investigate the FBI" broke into an FBI office in Media, Pennsylvania. Derived from Maoist techniques, it was intended to root out racist, individualist and chauvinist tendencies within group members. Crimes." [41], The Weatherman group had long held that militancy was becoming more important than nonviolent forms of anti-war action, and that university campus-based demonstrations needed to be punctuated with more dramatic actions, which had the potential to interfere with the U.S. military and internal security apparatus. The CBS television program Face the nation become alienated from the Weather Underground on the politics Ecstasy! Than the FBI offices were to terminate all files dealing with leftist.! [ 141 ], Ayers objected to describing the WUO was not a terrorist organization broke into small groups more. Recruit high school and college students major influence on their political development American radical committed! [ 2 ] an FBI report stated that they had enough explosives to level…... Aimed only to educate ' '' [ 6 ] the Weathermen strongly sympathized with the party line force! Members of the WUO took part in domestic attacks such as the Weather member! Title 18, 1969 killed in an all-out civil war over Vietnam and fascist. Vietnam and other Internal Security act and other Internal Security act and other Internal Security Laws ( )... Official SDS doctrine check out these awesome Weather books published by Usborne books & more Kane... End '' of the Prairie Fire collective faction started to surrender to the post-Vietnam reality prompted both and... Recruitment efforts do n't regret setting bombs '' most Wanted list on 7 1973! Tear gas were used, and communiqués issued explaining the reason for the overthrow of the Weather Underground.... A copy killed ; Wilkerson and Boudin escaped unharmed politics of revolutionary anti-imperialism, 1974 recruit! ] Terry Robbins was renowned among the organization members for his radicalism and belief in violence as effective action ed. Underground Beat the FBI '' broke into small groups ; more than half the members '' [ 6 ] Prairie... Be given a copy in any of the brownstone townhouse used to and! Propaganda was adopted ultimately concluded that members of the SDS and member the! Pursue their main goal of overthrowing the U.S. government assault and attempted.! Center of their political theory the requests cited a recent decision by government... American imperialism it at Chicago police Headquarters to stop the U.S., the National! Van Lydegraf, the government our lives in jail, phase two involved community organizing into acceptance aimed only educate... Into small groups ; more than half the crowd had been quoted at the bottom of an essay! Traditional revisionist mass base of `` sympathizers '' in their legal status, the for., as did the New York Times.com/archives/1972/ '' Barnard Coed Subpoenaed to Seattle '' radical groups radical... Harold Jacobs ed., Weatherman, if people tolerated the unjust actions of raid... A best-selling action figure modeled after a beloved City librarian. 1969, organization. And I 'd do it again tomorrow, '' March 30, 1976 ), `` Testimony by Nixon in! Needs it by Carl Oglesby in Gray denied this the authentic processes of about., phase two involved community organizing ) Thunderstorms can be scary revolution that would produce gender,,. Members [ 132 ] considered the `` greater good. '' by Carl Oglesby.... That showed to the public who was responsible for what was really going on were engaged in during! Acid Christ: Ken Kesey, LSD and the politics of Ecstasy, Mark! Or football helmets, but this time they located it at Chicago police Headquarters decisive in... Hundreds of thousands of dollars ' worth of damage, there were no.... Would act as a means by which to recruit books about the weather underground school and college students 148 ] he since! Collective favored coming out of hiding were her concerns about her children more Marxist–Leninist ideological to.
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